Religion, The State And Sovereignty Essays - Authority, Sovereignty

Religion, The State And Sovereignty Religion, the State and Sovereignty The influence of religion on humankind can be traced back to the first records of history. Religion has served as a pillar of strength to some and binding chains to others. There are vast amounts of information and anthropological studies revealing the interaction of religion and humankind. However, for the purposes of this paper, the time periods of study will be broken up into three sections. Each section will give a general description of how religion affected the institution of the state and its Sovereignty in a Euro-centric perspective. The first period is the early period, which will encompass from Christianity and the Roman Empire to the Medieval times (approx. 311 to 1100 A.D.). The second period will include the Renaissance, the Reformation to the Treaty of Westphalia (1101 to 1648 A.D.). The third and increment of history will range from 1649 to 1945 A.D. The date 311 A.D. marks the issuing of the Edict of Toleration for Christians. This date is important because it symbolizes national acceptance of Christianity, and planted its roots as a political institution. Later the Roman Empire on the verge of internal collapse acknowledged the importance of Christianity and used it to hold together the remnants of it former self. This adoption of Christianity took form and eventually became the Catholic church. The church became intermingled with politics and became a strong entity. The policies delivered from the church had more authority than the local rulers and magistrates of the developing feudal system. For example, St. Augustine wrote about war and what justified its enactment against fellow men. This policy was followed and adhered to for hundreds of years after St. Augustine wrote it. Another example, is the use of the Bible as a guideline for establishing governing systems. Scripture portrayed God as choosing the king of the people. The pope, being God's representative was then given the authority to crown the king. This crowning process gave the pope large influence in the political arena. This ritual continued for a number of centuries. The Crusades, which occurred around 1100 A.D., played a crucial role in challenging the church's authority. The pope identifying the spread of Islam as evil requested all of Europe embark on a Crusade to defeat the infidels. As the battles were fought, great treasures were found in the form of books and knowledge. These books were crude translations of old Greek texts, containing information which would eventually produce the waning of Church authority in the future. The Renaissance marked the beginning of intellectual re-birth. Writers such as Dante, Machiavelli, Guiarccidini, Vitoria, etc., all attempting to reform and some even contest church dominance. Dante in his imaginative work Inferno writes of hell which he envision is the pope's final destination. Machiavelli takes a more direct role classifying the actions of a prince to be above morality and ultimately above the Church. He continues the affront by classifying a human character of virtu as being completely centered around man (humanism). The Raison D' Tat is supreme especially in terms of the church belligerence. In the middle of the Renaissance, the Church was dealt a deadly blow from which it would never recover. This assault came via Martin Luther. His work, 95 Thesis, marked the beginning of the Reformation. This movement split the church into Catholic and Protestant sects. It marked the beginning of a bloody period which virtually split Europe in half. Examples of the conflict raged between Protestants and Catholics from the great slaughter of Protestants in Paris 1572 A.D. (7000 dead) to the Thirty Years War. With the Church in disarray, freedom was given to the state to begin to develop. During this period of Renaissance the political identity was going through a tremendous transformation. This transformation took form in what is called Absolutism. Princes began to tolerate less and less manipulation from the church. The political entity in the form of monarchy began to wean itself from the Church for its legitimacy and looked toward its own power. Other writers began to rise and discuss issues of sovereignty and the state. Thomas Hobbes discusses the state and refers to it as Leviathan which is the concurring title of his

Free Essays on Womans Suffrage

There where many differences between the reformist and radical woman’s suffrage movements at the turn of the century. The reformist suffrage movement was known as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and was run by Carrie Chapman Catt. The radical suffrage was call the National Woman’s Party (NWP) and was headed by Alice Paul. Although both groups worked hard to get woman the right to vote, they want about it in very different ways. The NAWSA was formed in 1890 with the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The NAWSA separated the traditional association of woman’s rights with the rights of blacks in order to gain support in the South without much success. Carrie Chapman Catt gained the presidency of the NAWSA in 1900, and attempted to appear more conservative by developing â€Å"the society plan† which tried to recruit college educated and politically influential woman into the woman’s movement. Catt resigned as president in 1904 to care for her sick husband but returned to the presidency of the NAWSA in 1915. In 1912 the progressive movement gave the NAWSA new life when labor, trade unions, socialists, and working woman started to back the woman’s suffrage movement. The cotton and liquor industries try to weaken progressivism and woman’s suffrage. Catt wanted to use state level organizations and tough neg otiation in order to convince President Wilson and individual states to support the woman’s suffrage movement. Catt set aside her pacifist views and supported the war effort in World War I in order to gain political leverage for the NAWSA. Catt remanded non-partisan in her efforts towards woman’s suffrage and was willing to fight the long fight in order to obtain her goals. Alice Paul started the National Woman’s Party (NWP), after returning from working on woman’s suffrage in Britain. The NWP was a much more radical grou... Free Essays on Womans Suffrage Free Essays on Womans Suffrage There where many differences between the reformist and radical woman’s suffrage movements at the turn of the century. The reformist suffrage movement was known as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and was run by Carrie Chapman Catt. The radical suffrage was call the National Woman’s Party (NWP) and was headed by Alice Paul. Although both groups worked hard to get woman the right to vote, they want about it in very different ways. The NAWSA was formed in 1890 with the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The NAWSA separated the traditional association of woman’s rights with the rights of blacks in order to gain support in the South without much success. Carrie Chapman Catt gained the presidency of the NAWSA in 1900, and attempted to appear more conservative by developing â€Å"the society plan† which tried to recruit college educated and politically influential woman into the woman’s movement. Catt resigned as president in 1904 to care for her sick husband but returned to the presidency of the NAWSA in 1915. In 1912 the progressive movement gave the NAWSA new life when labor, trade unions, socialists, and working woman started to back the woman’s suffrage movement. The cotton and liquor industries try to weaken progressivism and woman’s suffrage. Catt wanted to use state level organizations and tough neg otiation in order to convince President Wilson and individual states to support the woman’s suffrage movement. Catt set aside her pacifist views and supported the war effort in World War I in order to gain political leverage for the NAWSA. Catt remanded non-partisan in her efforts towards woman’s suffrage and was willing to fight the long fight in order to obtain her goals. Alice Paul started the National Woman’s Party (NWP), after returning from working on woman’s suffrage in Britain. The NWP was a much more radical grou...

HRM Analysis and Recommendation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HRM Analysis and Recommendation - Research Paper Example 2. Introduction the Organization Goodwill Industries International is a multinational corporation, having its headquarters in Rockville, Maryland. The company was established in 1902 by Edgar Helms and focuses on providing job opportunities to unemployed individuals, on and off job training programs and other charity programs for individuals with disabilities. Goodwill Industries operates in 25 countries of the world including USA and Canada and its current work force is around 105,000 employees across the globe. 3. Goodwill Industries’ Business Strategy and Market Position The vision of Goodwill Industries is: "We at Goodwill Industries will be satisfied only when every person in the global community has the opportunity to achieve his/her fullest potential as an individual and to participate and contribute fully in all aspects of a productive life." The business level strategy of Goodwill Industries revolves around charity money and donations that it collects through its glob al network of Goodwill Associates and members. But the major chunk of donations and charity money is raised by the chain of Goodwill’s thrift stores which are operating across the markets in which the company is present as the non-profit organization. The business strategy of Goodwill also compels its management to reserve 82% of the total collected donations and charity money into fulfilling its corporate social responsibility practices, whereas the rest is spent on providing employment opportunities to those who are disabled or lack academic qualification. The customer base of Goodwill Industries comprises of 4.5 million customers and is labeled as a social enterprise whose profits are spent on making society a better place to live. At the moment, the company has designated two persons to carry out the donor relations communication processes and familiarize societies around the world about the noble cause they are serving. These persons are Lorie Marrero and Evette Rios. Th ese two associates are currently working with Donate Movement and ABC Network respectively. Other associates of the Goodwill Industries are also associated with famous organizations but reserve their time to fulfill their responsibilities at Goodwill Industries. Presently, Goodwill Industries has expended to the non-profit market in 25 countries in 5 continents of the world and reports around $ 4.8 billion in revenues each year consistently. 4. Job Pricing and Compensation Packages Job pricing and compensation package is that function of the human resource department of any organization, that determines the salaries and compensations required to be paid to each employee. This practice is done with the help of reviewing industry standards and technology like SAP software. Goodwill industries have received severe criticism for its job pricing and compensation packages that it offers to the associates and executives of the organization. Industry experts has termed the job pricing strat egies of Goodwill Industries as â€Å"unreasonable† and biased. These experts base their argument on the amount and pay Goodwill’s Oregon branch executive, Michael Miller received, i.e. around $ 850,000. On the other hand, other executive associates received lesser amount in salaries during the same year, i.e. 2004. Critics view Goodwill’

National Identity of The Battle of Sainte-Foy by Joseph Lgar Research Paper

National Identity of The Battle of Sainte-Foy by Joseph Lgar - Research Paper Example This paper analyses the themes of national identity and representation in Legare’s painting. The Battle of Sainte-Foy depicts the war between Britain and France on April 1760 at the western part of Quebec City. The war is lengthy and difficult. According to Buckner (2005), the English had more or less 3,000 soldiers while France had approximately 5,900. Canadians have fought hard for centuries to gain a sense of national identity. Even though the country’s size is vast, its population is the opposite, and the entire of Canada is remarkably diverse in terms of culture that it can be thorny for its people to unite together. Nevertheless, even though significant, this does not belong to the major concerns of the Canadian pursuit for a national identity, since the nation’s actual dilemmas rest in its history (Chodos, Murphy & Hamovitch, 1991). Only as the years passed did the entire meaning of the events in the Battle of Saint-Foy become apparent and only, as well, w ith their regress, did the Canadians find power to express and depict it. English Canadians, whose identities have emerged long after the battle, as often as not deal with this event in their history with calm indifference, as shown by Legare: they can sense the victory of Britain and Wolfe and relate their identities with it, yet it is, after two centuries, an unruffled victory, without great jubilation in it, without great sentiment raised to strengthen it. Two important battles have downplayed these 18th-century events nearly to the height of insignificant fights. However, for Legare, the case is somewhat the other. The 18th century, particularly the 1760, was the period where in the French banner fell, never to rise again. Prior to 1760 were periods of remarkable successes when they were the powerful in their own lands, people of the supreme ruler in Christendom (Romney, 1999). Subsequent to it, the periods of misfortune have been ended. In that case, it is not surprising that T homas Chapais introduces his historical work with opposing images (Lower, 1958, 81): The 8th of September, 1760, at eight o’clock in the morning, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, last governor of New France, signed at Montreal the capitulation which put an end to French rule in our country. The prolongation of the heroic struggle†¦ had become impossible. The English general, Sir Jeffrey Amherst, surrounded the city†¦ with twenty thousand men, to meet whom there were hardly twenty four hundred soldiers. Food, artillery, munitions, everything was lacking. No more help could be expected from France†¦ the fatal hour had sounded and it was necessary to bow before the inevitable†¦ In the distance between them, for Legare, Chapais, and for all French Canadians, a wonder had taken place: the wonder of national identity. The painting of Legare actually make no broad depictions of the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but there emanates from the painting a breath, as it were, of catas trophe and nationalism: the people of Canada were an unfortunate people, entrusted completely in the hands of colonizers. His painting, in its entirety, is a commemoration of nationalism and in spite of its numerous errors and at times its excesses it has been recognized by the well-educated people of French Canada as the standard exhibition of the Battle of Sainte-Foy (Bumsted, 1979). In another remarkable effort to portray the emerging but weak sense of national

Can the writer help me decide the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Can the writer help me decide the topic - Essay Example During the early stages of the American nation, the Church tended to deplore sports and sports related activities as it was believed that sports led to diversion from goal oriented activities (Putney 224). However, with the satiation of the nation with the Victorian values and the commensurate physical decline ushered in by sedentary activities, the nation vigorously turned towards sports as a source of rejuvenation and vibrancy (Putney 224). It goes without saying that sports movies not only necessarily embody the essential American civic and religious values, but, also veritably stand to be the vital source of religious motivation and faith. To understand the link between the sports movies and religion, it is imperative to pragmatically trace the similarities and affinities between religion and sports. Sports movies happen to be religious in the sense that sports like religion tends to be a very organized activity, which requires as much effort, faith and practice as any religious achievement (Jay 226). Words like sacred, love, devotion, immortality, ritual and faith that could be traced to the religious sources and literature are also amply mentioned and delved upon in the sports movies (Guttmann 25). The religious practices and the events and themes in the sports movies tend to overlap in multiple ways. Like religion, sports movies also tend to have their saints, those departed souls that in that in their very life represented and embodied the glory of sports (Tietalbaum 4). Like religious achievers, sports movies also tend to have such personalities and characters that could aptly be said to be seekers, believers and converts (Tietalbaum 4). Like religious institutions, the sports movies also happen to present patriarchs, who are primarily the motivating coaches and managers who organize, manage and sometimes emphatically influence the national sporting

SCOR At Wal Mart | Analysis

SCOR At Wal Mart | Analysis The Supply Chain Operations Reference Model, or SCOR, was introduced by the Supply Chain Council to provide all companies a framework or tool they can use to improve their companys supply chain internally and externally. It allows supply chain managers to analyze their current situations as well as guide them to supply chain decisions for improvements and future resolutions. A major strength of the SCOR model is that it can be used across industries and applied to a variety of different companies. There are five levels in the SCOR model. The first level, the process types, includes plan, source, make, deliver, and return. These process types describe the overall scope and content of the SCOR model. The following levels further penetrate each of the process types to analyze their operations strategies, quantify and measure their processes, as well as provide tools for companies to develop new processes that will give their supply chain a competitive advantage as well as the ability to efficiently adapt to market changes. PLAN The first phase of the supply chain according to the SCOR model is the process of planning. Planning is a crucial first step to set-up, manage, and organize the processes necessary for a flexible and efficient supply chain. The planning phase consists of several processes such as demand forecasting, product pricing, and inventory management. Wal-Mart utilizes a sophisticated algorithm to calculate their forecasts that allows the company to forecast the exact quantities of each item to be delivered while taking into account each stores current inventory. This is also possible because of Wal-Marts computerized inventory structure that uses the Point of Sales (POS) system. This not only tracks all the companys inventory and stock at retail stores and distribution centers, it also monitors when products are sold and is able to predict the future quantities needed. It is this production scheduling and the ability to monitor inventory so closely that allowed Wal-Mart to accurately predict where, when and how much of a product will be needed and in turn develop a distribution network that works hand in hand with these needs. This reduces their costs by reducing leftover inventory and optimizing the transportation of their products by delivering only exactly what is needed. Super retailer Wal-Mart has spent considerable resource s to ascertain how best to minimize transportation costs. Efforts such as owning their own fleet, standardizing processes, and capitalizing on information technology have resulted in transportation costs that are 3% of total costs versus the industry average of 5%. By analyzing how to cut costs in all aspects of their transportation, Wal-Mart was able to pass these savings onto consumers and support their always low prices strategy. SOURCE The second phase of the supply chain, sourcing, focuses on the procurement of materials and resources. Choosing suppliers that best meet the companys needs is the main part of this phase. Transportation not only serves as a link between the company and its suppliers, but transportation providers are essentially a supplier in and of themselves as well. In this case as wal-mart is retailer it doesnt has to go for sourcing that is procurement of raw-material is not required. The suppliers in this case will be the companies who are selling their product through wal-mart retailers that are: Grand ocean star (Supplier of sea food it takes 5 to 10 days after order) Procter Gamble Co (it takes lead time range of 8.5 to 14.0 days to deliver the food product) Nestle Gillette Hewlett-Packard Johnson Johnson Kimberly-Clark Kraft Foods Nestlà © Purina Pet Care Unilever MAKE The third phase in the Supply Chain Operations Reference model is make, defined as the process that transforms a product to a finished state to meet planned or actual demand (Bolstorff Rosenbaum, 2003). There are three parts to this phase which include product design, production scheduling and facility management. Wal-Mart exemplifies how the construction of a product affects transportation costs. Wal-Mart recently asked its 60,000 suppliers worldwide that by 2008 they decrease the amount of overall packaging they use by 5%. Wal-Mart believes this packaging proposal will save the company $3.4 billion. When Wal-Mart previously did this in 2005 with the packaging of its private clothing label, Kids Collection, the company saved $3.5 million in one year. By reducing the amount of packaging, Wal-Mart is not only cutting costs, but they are reducing the weight and volume of their products. This increases the ability of their trucks to carry more per truckload, possibly even making less runs in a given day. Wal-Marts packaging decisions illustrate the direct impacts supply chain decisions and transportation can have on each other. Wal-Mart had just over 40 distribution centers located around the United States. Stocked in these centers were over 80,000 items. 50% to 65% of Wal-Marts competitors directly supplied the inventory to their retailers from their warehouses, in comparison to Wal-Marts 85%. Wal-Mart replenished their stores on average within two days compared to the five days their competitors took. The shipping costs were approximately 2% less of total cost than competitors (Chandran, 2003). The location of a facility can cut transportation costs dramatically as shown by the Wal-Mart example. DELIVER The fourth phase in the Supply Chain Operations Reference model is the delivery of the product. This phase is most associated with the role of transportation in the supply chain process as it is the most visibly connected. The delivery part of the process can be broken down into two different segments, order management and delivery scheduling. Transportation plays a role in each in that processes that provide finished goods and services to meet planned or actual demand, typically include order management, transportation management and distribution management Wal-Mart has a private fleet of their own truck drivers and by somewhat integrating backward in their supply chain, they have needed to become efficient in documenting and tracking their products. To do this, Wal-Mart employees use hand held computers, a form of EDI systems, which contain information about the products storage, packaging and shipping and eliminates the need for actual paperwork saving them time. Because there is no third party, Wal-Mart must self manage the ordering of their products with great accuracy. What makes Wal-Marts distribution process so efficient is that they use a logistics technique known as cross-docking .It breaks down the distribution of the products into five simple stages. The unique aspect of Wal-Marts system is that their drivers deliver the trucks to their distribution centers at specific times and set intervals. Their entire distribution system is a consistent flow of goods adjusted to the individual needs of each retail store. Wal-Marts delivery system works so well because it is developed in accordance with the demands of each store and the communication between each point allows the process to be effective. Wal-Mart believe that the widespread implementation of RFID technology marks a sea change in the supply chain, much as the introduction of bar codes was as seen as revolutionary two decades ago. But while bar codes can tell a retailer that it has two boxes of product XYZ, Wal-Marts EPCs can help distinguish one box of product XYZ from the next. This allows retailers greater visibility in monitoring product inventory from supplier to distribution centre to store. RETURN Most store items can be exchanged or refunded with a receipt within 90 days of purchase. Walmarts No Receipt policy applies to items returned in a store only. You have the option of a cash refund (for purchases under $25), a Gift Card for the amount of the purchase (for purchases over $25), a credit to your credit card or an even exchange for the product. We can make up to three No Receipt returns within a 45 day period. All merchandise sold and shipped by Walmart.com may be returned to a store within 90 days of receiving it. If there is an error on our part related to your order, we will issue a credit for your order and any applicable shipping and gift-wrapping charges. An item must be returned in the original manufacturers packaging, so we recommend you keep your packaging for at least the first 90 days after purchase. Plants, Food, and certain Health and Beauty items: To return perishable items, the following information is to be required and send to customer care link of wal-mart i.e Order number for the item Date of arrival Condition of item at time of arrival Detailed explanation of the issue

Tom Sawyer :: essays research papers

Mark Twain Mark Twain (1835-1910) ,originally Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer who also worked on boats, in a printing-works and as a journalist in Nevada. His books are mostly for young people, but his Pudd'nhead Wilson is a crime which characterises the first murdercase solved by use of fingerprints. His main works are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Life on the Mississippi and especially The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Tom Sawyer The scene of the book takes place nearby the Mississippi at the end of the 19. century. Tom Sawyer is a young boy whose both parents are dead. Therefor he lives with his aunt, Polly, and his younger half-brother, Sid. Tom has got a very good friend who he spends a lot of time together with, that's Huckleberry Finn. Huck is the young "pariah" of the village. He does not go to school, and he lives alone in a hogshead. All the other children looked up to him and wished they could be like him, and of that very reason almost none of the mothers liked him. Tom spends time together with Huck almost every day, and many times that is the reason why he comes late to school. One time Tom is late at school, he is punished by sitting on the girls' side of the school-house. Tom gets to sit together with a girl named Becky, and Tom doesn't see that as a punishment at all. He and Becky becomes very close friends and we are later in the book told that they get married. Tom and Huck do often see things that they should not have seen. One of this things happened at the graveyard at midnight one night. They saw three men who were digging up a coffin. One of these men were Injun Joe, and it ends up with he killing one of the men. Tom and Huck vitnised all this, but they were very afraid of Injun Joe and they therefor swore to keep mum about it. Another time the boys decided to go treasurehunting. Tom knew of many places where there could be hidden treasures. One of them were an old haunted house. While they are searching around there, Injun Joe and one other guy shows up. They are about to hide some silver they have stolen, but they end up finding a large amount of gold in the house.